Creating a node module and publishing it to npm is a fairly straightforward process. Haven’t done it yet? Not sure what I’m talking about? Here’s a quick tutorial to speed you along.

What is npm?

NPM has three components. These components consist of

1. the npm website,
2. the Command Line Interface (CLI), and
3. an online database of public and private packages called the npm registry

npm is an online registry for open-source node.js projects, modules, resources, etc. You can find it at https://www.npmjs.com/.

npm is also the official package manager for node.js, and provides a command line interface (CLI) for interacting with the registry. This utility comes bundled with node.js and is installed automatically. For API documentation, visit https://docs.npmjs.com/ or just type npm in your terminal.

For you ruby devs, npm is akin to rubygems.

Don’t have node.js installed?

You’ll of course need to install node.js and npm in order to follow along. Try one of the following install options or just read along.

• Homebrew users can simply run brew install node
• Download a binary from http://nodejs.org/
• Use Node Version Manager (NVM) – recommended

Configure npm

Let’s get started by configuring npm a little bit. Go ahead and enter these commands in a terminal, using your own information. This way, when we run some npm commands later, it will already know who we are and will be able to autocomplete some information for us.

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npm set init.author.name "Casiano Rodriguez-Leon"
npm set init.author.email "whatever@gmail.com"
npm set init.author.url "https://github.com/crguezl"

This next command will prompt you for an email and password, create or verify a user in the npm registry, and save the credentials to the ~/.npmrc file.

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npm adduser

another way to register in npm is using the npm web interface

Here is an example of .npmrc file

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➜  create-a-npm-module git:(master) ✗ cat .npmrc-example

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//registry.npmjs.org/:_authToken=00000000000
init.author.name=Casiano Rodriguez-Leon
init.author.email=whatever@gmail.com
init.author.url=https://github.com/crguezl
access=public
@ull-esit-dsi-1617:registry=https://registry.npmjs.org/
//10.6.128.127:8081/:_password="blahblahencrypted"
//10.6.128.127:8081/:username=crguezl
//10.6.128.127:8081/:email=whatever@gmail.com
//10.6.128.127:8081/:always-auth=false
@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920:registry=https://npm.pkg.github.com
@ull-esit-pl-1920:registry=https://npm.pkg.github.com
//npm.pkg.github.com/:_authToken=0000000111111etc.
@PAL-ULL:registry=https://npm.pkg.github.com
@pal-ull:registry=https://npm.pkg.github.com/

What are scopes?

Scopes are like namespaces for npm packages. Each npm user has their own scope.

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@username/project-name

This means that you don’t have to worry about someone else taking your package name. Only you can add packages in your scope.

Scoped modules also make it possible to put your private code on npm when you sign up for private modules. With private modules, you have control over who can see and collaborate on any of the modules in your scope (but you have to paid for it. Public scoped packages are free).

To create a scoped package, all you need to do is add your scope to the front of the name property in package.json

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{
  "name": "@ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat",
  "version": "1.3.11",
  ...
}

and run npm with the access option:

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npm publish --access=public

What is Github Registry?

GitHub Package Registry is a software package hosting service, similar to npmjs.org, rubygems.org, or hub.docker.com, that allows you to host your packages and code in one place. You can host software packages privately or publicly and use them as dependencies in your projects.

Setting a Token

You need an access token to publish, install, and delete packages in GitHub Packages. You can use a personal access token to authenticate with your username directly to GitHub Packages or the GitHub API. You can use a GITHUB_TOKEN to authenticate using a GitHub Actions workflow.

When you create a personal access token, you can assign the token different scopes depending on your needs. For more information, see “Creating a personal access token for the command line” and “Available scopes” in the GitHub Developer documentation.

Go to your GitHub user’s settings, from there navigate to Developer Settings, then to Personal access tokens

https://github.com/settings/tokens

Select Generate new token and give the token the appropriate permits:

Once you get the token run npm login against the GitHub Registry:

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$ npm login --registry=https://npm.pkg.github.com
> Username: USERNAME
> Password: TOKEN
> Email: PUBLIC-EMAIL-ADDRESS

Write/paste the token in the password field:

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$ npm login --registry=https://npm.pkg.github.com
Username: crguezl
Password:
Email: (this IS public) crguezl@ull.edu.es
Logged in as crguezl on https://npm.pkg.github.com/.

This will append lines like these in your ~/.npmrc configuration file:

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@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920:registry=https://npm.pkg.github.com
//npm.pkg.github.com/:_authToken=<your-token>

• Veáse la sección GitHub Package Registry de estos apuntes

Create a node module

A Node/npm module is just an ordinary JavaScript file with the addition that it must follow the CommonJS module spec.

Node modules run in their own scope so that they do not conflict with other modules.

Node relatedly provides access to some globals to help facilitate module interoperability.

The primary two items that we are concerned with here are require and exports.

You require other modules that you wish to use in your code and your module exports anything that should be exposed publicly.

For example:

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    let other = require('other_module');
    module.exports = function() {
        console.log(other.doSomething());
    }

For our demo, we’ll create an npm module consisting of a couple utility methods for escaping and unescaping HTML entities – commonly needed utils to prevent cross site scripting (XSS) attacks when rendering user generated content.

We’ll call this project, ‘Scapegoat’, because a quick search of the npm registry reveals that the name has not yet been taken.

Note that if you are coding along with me, and plan to publish your module to npm, without scope, you’ll need to give your module a unique name.

To get started, We create a new repository on our Github account (or on a organization) and then cloned it locally.

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git clone git@github.com:brentertz/scapegoat.git
cd scapegoat

package.json

Executing the following command will create an unscoped package.json file:

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npm init -f

Have a look to see what the file contains; it is pretty human-readable. Further details and explanation of the contents of the package.json file can be found at https://docs.npmjs.com/files/package.json.

Our initial version looks like the following, but we’ll be updating this further as we go along.

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    {
      "name": "scapegoat",
      "version": "0.0.0",
      "description": "A small library providing utility methods to escape and unescape HTML entities",
      "main": "index.js",
      "scripts": {
        "test": "echo "Error: no test specified" && exit 1"
      },
      "repository": {
        "type": "git",
        "url": "git://github.com/brentertz/scapegoat.git"
      },
      "keywords": [
        "escape",
        "unescape",
        "html"
      ],
      "author": "Brent Ertz <brent.ertz@gmail.com> (http://brentertz.com/)",
      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
      "bugs": {
        "url": "https://github.com/brentertz/scapegoat/issues"
      }
    }

For scoped modules, run npm init --scope=@scope-name. For example npm init --scope=@aluXXX

• Read the blog Create a project using the npm init initializer command by Elijah Manor for more information on npm init
• esm

index.js: Write the code

Now we can actually get on to the business of writing code. Create an index.js file to hold the primary module code. It’ll look something like the following.

Note the use of module.exports, which we discussed previously, and is needed to make code available for use by other modules. Further, as our module is not reliant on any other modules, we did not need to require anything.

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/**
 * Escape special characters in the given string of html.
 *
 * @param  {String} html
 * @return {String}
 */
module.exports = {
  escape: function(html) {
    return String(html)
      .replace(/&/g, '&')
      .replace(/"/g, '"')
      .replace(/'/g, ''')
      .replace(/</g, '&lt;')
      .replace(/>/g, '&gt;');
  },

  /**
   * Unescape special characters in the given string of html.
   *
   * @param  {String} html
   * @return {String}
   */
  unescape: function(html) {
    return String(html)
      .replace(/&amp;/g, '&')
      .replace(/&quot;/g, '"')
      .replace(/&#39;/g, ''')
      .replace(/&lt;/g, '<')
      .replace(/&gt;/g, '>');
  }
};

Testing with Mocha and Chai

Next, we’ll surely want to write some tests. Perhaps it would have been preferable to write them first. Here we are going to use the Mocha and Chai frameworks. There are others you can use, like Jest. Mocha and Chai can be installed and persisted to the package.json file with the following commands. Note that they are added to the ‘devDependencies’ section, as they are only required during development and not at runtime.

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npm install mocha --save-dev

npm install chai --save-dev

.gitignore

The above commands will also create a node_modules folder in your project directory containing those dependencies. Following best practices, we’ll want to keep the node_modules folder out of the git repository.

We can do that by adding a .gitignore file to our project root, with the following contents:

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node_modules

To build a .gitignore see also http://gitignore.io/.

The npm install command also created package-lock.json containing a detailed description of all the dependences. We add this file to the control version:

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git add package-lock.json

package-lock.json describes the exact tree that was generated, such that subsequent installs are able to generate identical trees, regardless of intermediate dependency updates.

Writing the tests

Continuing on, let’s create a test directory to hold our tests.

As our primary module file is called index.js, within the test directory I will create a file by the same name – a simple convention.

Mocha will by default run all tests in this directory. Our test should look something like the following.

Note that I am using the should syntax provided by the Chai framework. Also note the use of require to pull in our module code into the test.

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    var should = require('chai').should(),
        scapegoat = require('../index'),
        escape = scapegoat.escape,
        unescape = scapegoat.unescape;

    describe('#escape', function() {
      it('converts & into &', function() {
        escape('&').should.equal('&');
      });

      it('converts " into "', function() {
        escape('"').should.equal('"');
      });

      it('converts ' into '', function() {
        escape(''').should.equal(''');
      });

      it('converts < into &lt;', function() {
        escape('<').should.equal('&lt;');
      });

      it('converts > into &gt;', function() {
        escape('>').should.equal('&gt;');
      });
    });

    describe('#unescape', function() {
      it('converts &amp; into &', function() {
        unescape('&amp;').should.equal('&');
      });

      it('converts &quot; into "', function() {
        unescape('&quot;').should.equal('"');
      });

      it('converts &#39; into '', function() {
        unescape('&#39;').should.equal(''');
      });

      it('converts &lt; into <', function() {
        unescape('&lt;').should.equal('<');
      });

      it('converts &gt; into >', function() {
        unescape('&gt;').should.equal('>');
      });
    });

Running the tests

But how do we actually run the tests?

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$ cat package.json 

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{
  "name": "@ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat",
  "version": "1.2.5",
  "description": "A small library providing utility methods to escape and unescape HTML entities",
  "main": "index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "test": "mocha --reporter spec",
    "doc": "documentation build index.js -f html -o docs",
    "serve-doc": "http-server docs/ -o",
    "push": "npm run doc; git add docs; git ci -am no-message; git push"
  },
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "https://github.com/ULL-ESIT-DSI-1617/scapegoat.git"
  },
  "keywords": [
    "escape",
    "unescape",
    "html"
  ],
  "author": "Casiano Rodriguez <casiano.rodriguez.leon@gmail.com>",
  "licenses": [
    {
      "type": "MIT",
      "url": "https://github.com/ULL-ESIT-DSI-1617/scapegoat/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT"
    }
  ],
  "bugs": {
    "url": "https://github.com/ULL-ESIT-DSI-1617/scapegoat/issues"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "mocha": "*",
    "chai": "*",
    "documentation": "*"
  },
  "dependencies": {
  }
}

(NOTE: git ci is an alias I have of git commit)

After doing so, we can then execute the tests by entering following command.

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[~/.../create-a-npm-module/scapegoat(master)]$ npm test

> @ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat@1.2.5 test /Users/casiano/local/src/javascript/evalua-module/create-a-npm-module/scapegoat
> mocha --reporter spec

  #escape
    ✓ converts & into &
    ✓ converts " into "
    ✓ converts ' into '
    ✓ converts < into &lt;
    ✓ converts > into &gt;
    ✓ returns empty string if called with falsey value

  #unescape
    ✓ converts &amp; into &
    ✓ converts &quot; into "
    ✓ converts &#39; into '
    ✓ converts &lt; into <
    ✓ converts &gt; into >
    ✓ does not double unescape values
    ✓ returns empty string if called with falsey value


  13 passing (17ms)

GitHub Actions: An Introduction

• GitHub Actions: An Introduction

Example: Setting CI for our npm Module

We fill the contents of nodejs.yml with the description of our workflow:

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$ cat .github/workflows/nodejs.yml

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[~/.../create-a-npm-module/scapegoat(master)]$ cat .github/workflows/nodejs.yml
name: CI for scapegoat module

on: # when this action should be triggered?
  push:
    branches: [ master ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ master ]

jobs: # jobs are made of steps
  build:
    # Define the OS our workflow should run on
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    strategy:
      # To test across multiple language versions
      matrix:
        node-version: [12.x]

    steps: # Clone the repo. See https://github.com/actions/checkout
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    # Example of using an environment variable
    - name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }} # Will be: "Use Node.js 12.x"
      uses: actions/setup-node@v1 # Install node. See https://github.com/actions/setup-node
      with:
        node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}
    # Install a project with a clean slate
    - run: npm ci
    - run: npm test
      # Environment variables
      env:
        CI: true

Let us continue adding our action to the control version:

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$ git add .github/workflows/nodejs.yml
$ git ci -am .github/workflows/nodejs.yml

Now when we do a push:

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$ git push

The action is triggered. Let us go and click on the actions tab in our repo:

Observe that by clicking on the dots on the right side you can view the raw logs

Documentation and README.md

Okay great, our tests are passing and we have CI.

Let’s add a few items that will help to round out our project.

It is always a good idea to include some documentation with your project, so we’ll add a README.md, using markdown syntax. Using markdown is a good idea because it will be nicely displayed on both Github and npm.

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  Scapegoat
  =========

  A small library providing utility methods to `escape` and `unescape` HTML entities

  ## Installation

    npm install scapegoat --save

  ## Usage

    var scapegoat = require('scapegoat')
        escape = scapegoat.escape,
        unescape = scapegoat.unescape;

    var html = '<h1>Hello World</h1>',
        escaped = escape(html),
        unescaped = unescape(escaped);

    console.log('html', html, 'escaped', escaped, 'unescaped', unescaped);

  ## Tests

    npm test

  ## Contributing

  In lieu of a formal styleguide, take care to maintain the existing coding style.
  Add unit tests for any new or changed functionality. Lint and test your code.

  ## Release History

  * 0.1.0 Initial release

Documenting the JavaScript Sources

documentation is a documentation generator. It’s used to generate documentation from comments within your code. documentation processes JavaScript comments in the JSDoc format.

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➜  scapegoat git:(master) npx documentation --version
13.1.1

For the most part, the things you document will be functions or classes of JavaScript libraries. Let’s start with a function and how to document its essential parts.

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  /**
   * Escape special characters in the given string of html
   * @param {string} input any html
   * @returns {string} escaped HTML entities
   */
  function escape(html) {
    if (!html) return '';

    return String(html).replace(specialRe, (match) => reverse[match]);
  },

The comment before the escape function is a JSDoc comment. Note that it begins with /** instead of /*. JSDoc requires this.

Let’s break down the earlier JSDoc example:

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/**
 * Escape special characters in the given string of html
 * ...

The first line of the comment is typically the description. This section says what the code is or does.

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 * @param {string} input any string

On the second line:

• @param is a tag: This tag indicates that we’ll be documenting a function’s parameter.
• {string} is a type. It says that the input to this function is a JavaScript “string.” It could also say {number}, {Object}, {Date}, or any other JavaScript built-in type. And if you defined a custom class, like FooClass, you can use it as a type, too! Just say {FooClass}.
• input any html is the description of the input.

On the line @returns {string} we just have a description of the value escaped HTML entities.

JSDoc lets you specify everything about your code:

• use @name to say what something is called,
• @kind for whether it’s a function or a class,
• @param for its parameters
• documentation automatically populates @name, @kind, and @memberof tags based on its reading of the code

Install the documentation binary with npm.

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$ npm install -g documentation

documentation then installs a command called documentation. Run it with --help or --help <command> to get help.

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➜  scapegoat git:(master) npx documentation help
Usage:

  # generate markdown docs for index.js and files it references
  documentation build index.js -f md

  # generate html docs for all files in src
  documentation build src/** -f html -o docs

  # document index.js, ignoring any files it requires or imports
  documentation build index.js -f md --shallow

  # build, serve, and live-update html docs for app.js
  documentation serve app.js

  # validate JSDoc syntax in util.js
  documentation lint util.js

  # update the API section of README.md with docs from index.js
  documentation readme index.js --section=API

  # build docs for all values exported by index.js
  documentation build --document-exported index.js


Comandos:
  documentation serve [input..]   generate, update, and display HTML
                                  documentation
  documentation build [input..]   build documentation
  documentation lint [input..]    check for common style and uniformity mistakes
  documentation readme [input..]  inject documentation into your README.md

Opciones:
  --version  Muestra número de versión                                [booleano]
  --help     Muestra ayuda                                            [booleano]

Ejemplos:
  documentation build foo.js -f md > API.md
  documentation readme index.js -s "API Docs" --github

Here is the help for the build command:

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$ documentation --help build

Options:
  --version                  Show version number                       [boolean]
  --help                     Show help                                 [boolean]
  --theme, -t                specify a theme: this must be a valid theme module
  --project-name             project name. by default, inferred from
                             package.json
  --project-version          project version. by default, inferred from
                             package.json
  --project-description      project description. by default, inferred from
                             package.json
  --project-homepage         project homepage. by default, inferred from
                             package.json
  --favicon                  favicon used in html
  --watch, -w                watch input files and rebuild documentation when
                             they change                               [boolean]
  --markdown-toc             include a table of contents in markdown output
                                                       [boolean] [default: true]
  --markdown-toc-max-depth   specifies the max depth of the table of contents in markdown output
                                                           [number] [default: 6]
  --shallow                  shallow mode turns off dependency resolution, only
                             processing the specified files (or the main script
                             specified in package.json)
                                                      [boolean] [default: false]
  --config, -c               configuration file. an array defining explicit sort
                             order                                      [string]
  --no-package, --np         dont find and use package.json for project-
                             configuration option defaults
                                                      [boolean] [default: false]
  --external                 a string / glob match pattern that defines which
                             external modules will be whitelisted and included
                             in the generated documentation.     [default: null]
  --require-extension, --re  additional extensions to include in require() and
                             import's search algorithm.For instance, adding .es5
                             would allow require("adder") to find "adder.es5"
  --parse-extension, --pe    additional extensions to parse as source code.
  --private, -p              generate documentation tagged as private
                                                      [boolean] [default: false]
  --access, -a               Include only comments with a given access level,
                             out of private, protected, public, undefined. By
                             default, public, protected, and undefined access
                             levels are included
                [array] [choices: "public", "private", "protected", "undefined"]
  --github, -g               infer links to github in documentation    [boolean]
  --infer-private            Infer private access based on the name. This is a
                             regular expression that is used to match the name
                                                                        [string]
  --document-exported        Generate documentation for all exported bindings
                             and members even if there is no JSDoc for them
                                                      [boolean] [default: false]
  --sort-order               The order to sort the documentation
                                [choices: "source", "alpha"] [default: "source"]
  --output, -o               output location. omit for stdout, otherwise is a
                             filename for single-file outputs and a directory
                             name for multi-file outputs like html
                                                             [default: "stdout"]
  --format, -f       [choices: "json", "md", "remark", "html"] [default: "json"]

References

• What’s the best way to document JavaScript?
• JsDoc
• Documentation npm package: Getting Started

Semantic Versioning

As you may have noticed in the readme above, I referenced the version 0.1.0 in the release history. We’ll need to update that in our package.json. If you are not familiar with semantic versioning aka SemVer, please add it to your reading list.

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"version": "0.1.0",

License

Further, it is generally a good idea to specify a license with your project. I’ll choose an MIT license, add a LICENSE-MIT file to the project root, and update the package.json respectively. Note that you can obtain the actual content for your chosen license type at http://opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical. The updated section of the package.json now looks like the following.

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"licenses": [
  {
    "type": "MIT",
    "url": "https://github.com/brentertz/scapegoat/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT"
  }
],

Publishing

git tag

Great, the module is complete. Prior to publishing to npm, let’s first ensure that any changes have been committed to git and that everything has been pushed up to Github. It is also a good idea to create a version tag as well. Here’s how to do just that.

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git tag 0.1.0

Don’t forget to push your tags:

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git push origin master --tags

Better yet: use npm version. The syntax is:

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npm version [<newversion> | major | minor | patch | premajor | preminor | prepatch | prerelease [--preid=<prerelease-id>] | from-git]

The newversion argument should be

• a valid semver string,
• a valid second argument to semver.inc (one of patch, minor, major, prepatch, preminor, premajor, prerelease), or
  • In this case, the existing version will be incremented by 1 in the specified field.
• from-git.
  • from-git will try to read the latest git tag, and use that as the new npm version.

For example:

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npm version patch -m "Upgrade to %s for reasons"

If run in a git repo,

• it will create a version commit and tag
• If the message config contains %s then that will be replaced with the resulting version number.

GitHub can be used to install npm packages

Note that for whatever reason if you decide not to publish your module on npm, the npm package format provides value in itself in both portability and ease of installation.

You can install packages directly from Github, and even specify

1. a tag,
2. a sha, or
3. a branch

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npm install git://github.com/brentertz/scapegoat.git
npm install git://github.com/brentertz/scapegoat.git#0.1.0

Test the Installation Process

Before publishing, be sure to test that your package installs and works correctly. This does not mean running the tests as we did above, but rather attempting an actual install.

Symlink Your Package with npm link

This is another way to check your package before publishing it.

Observe that in this sections I am working with a different repo (not the scapegoatexample but a different package @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator. You can find the example at https://github.com/ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator)

Run npm link in the package directory:

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/lexer-generator(master)]$ npm link
audited 1310372 packages in 8.916s

26 packages are looking for funding
  run `npm fund` for details

found 0 vulnerabilities

/Users/casiano/.nvm/versions/node/v12.10.0/lib/node_modules/@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator -> /Users/casiano/local/src/github-actions-learning/lexer-generator

This will create a symlink in the global node_modules folder that links to the folder where the npm link command was executed:

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/lexer-generator(master)]$ npm list -g | head -n 1
/Users/casiano/.nvm/versions/node/v12.10.0/lib
[~/.../github-actions-learning/lexer-generator(master)]$ ls -l ~/.nvm/versions/node/v12.10.0/lib/node_modules/\@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator
lrwxr-xr-x  1 casiano  staff  64 22 mar 22:21 /Users/casiano/.nvm/versions/node/v12.10.0/lib/node_modules/@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator -> /Users/casiano/local/src/github-actions-learning/lexer-generator

Next, in the other location where we want to test our package, we run the command

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[~/.../test-lexer-generator]$ npm link \@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator
/Users/casiano/local/src/github-actions-learning/test-lexer-generator/node_modules/@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator -> /Users/casiano/.nvm/versions/node/v12.10.0/lib/node_modules/@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator -> /Users/casiano/local/src/github-actions-learning/lexer-generator 
[~/.../test-lexer-generator]$ ls -l node_modules/\@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator
lrwxr-xr-x  1 casiano  staff  96 22 mar 22:33 node_modules/@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator -> ../../../../../../.nvm/versions/node/v12.10.0/lib/node_modules/@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator

and you should be able to import or require the package as if it was an installed dependency.

Note that the name of the package is taken from package.json, not from the directory name.

Now we have created a test-lexer-generator directory to test our test-generatorpackage.

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[~/.../test-lexer-generator]$ ls -l
total 16
drwxr-xr-x  3 casiano  staff   96 22 mar 22:33 node_modules
-rw-r--r--  1 casiano  staff  320 22 mar 22:32 package.json
-rw-r--r--  1 casiano  staff  776 22 mar 22:39 sticky.js

It contains a simple program sticky.js that loads and tests our package. Here are the first 5 lines:

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[~/.../test-lexer-generator]$ head -n 5 sticky.js
// main

const buildLexer =require('@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator');

const SPACE = /(?<SPACE>\s+)/;

Observe that no path is specified in the require. Just like if it were in production mode.

Now we can run the program:

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[~/.../test-lexer-generator]$ node sticky.js
const varName = "value"
[
  { type: 'RESERVEDWORD', value: 'const' },
  { type: 'ID', value: 'varName' },
  { type: 'OP', value: '=' },
  { type: 'STRING', value: '"value"' }
]
...

We can unlink at any time by running the following command in the package directory:

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/lexer-generator(master)]$ npm unlink

Publish it!

Hopefully everything worked as expected and you can now move on to the publishing step. All of the meta information is contained in the package.json file. And remember from earlier that we have already registered on npm, with the npm adduser command. With that, the actual publishing part is really easy.

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npm publish

When you publish to npm a public package using a scope, the first time you have to add the option --access public:

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[/tmp/scapegoat(master)]$ npm publish --access public
+ @ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat@1.0.2

Afterwards, you’ll be able to install your package directly by name rather than having to point at the Github url.

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npm install scapegoat

Scopes and Registries

The syntax of npm publish is:

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 npm publish [<tarball>|<folder>] [--tag <tag>] [--access <public|restricted>] [--otp otpcode]
 [--dry-run]

Publishes a package to the registry so that it can be installed by name.

All files in the package directory are included if no local .gitignore or .npmignore file exists.

If both files exist and a file is ignored by .gitignore but not by .npmignore then it will be included.

By default npm will publish to the public registry.

This can be overridden by specifying a different default registry or using a npm scope in the name.

You can associate a scope with a registry at login, e.g.

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  npm login --registry=https://npm.pkg.github.com --scope=@myco

Scopes have a many-to-one relationship with registries:

One registry can host multiple scopes, but a scope only ever points to one registry.

You can also associate a scope with a registry using npm config:

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  npm config set @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920:registry https://npm.pkg.github.com

In this example we associate the scope @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920 with the GitHub registry https://npm.pkg.github.com.

Once a scope is associated with a registry, any npm install for a package with that scope will request packages from that registry instead.

Therefore any package with name @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/some-name will be published at https://npm.pkg.github.com.

Let us repeat it: Any npm publish for a package name that contains the scope will be published to that registry instead.

In the following example, the name of the package is @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator:

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$ cat package.json

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{
  "name": "@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator",     👈
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A lab for PL: Building a lexer generator",
  "main": "index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
  },
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "git+https://github.com/ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator.git"
  },
  "keywords": ["ULL", "compilers", "lexical analysis", "regexp"],
  "author": "Casiano Rodriguez-Leon <crguezl@ull.edu.es> (https://github.com/crguezl)",
  "license": "ISC",
  "bugs": {
    "url": "https://github.com/ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator/issues"
  },
  "homepage": "https://github.com/ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator#readme"
}

When we run npm publish inside the package folder we get:

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$ npm publish
npm notice
npm notice 📦  @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator@1.0.0
npm notice === Tarball Contents ===
npm notice 1.1kB index.js
npm notice 760B  sticky.js
npm notice 687B  package.json
npm notice === Tarball Details ===
npm notice name:          @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator
npm notice version:       1.0.0
npm notice package size:  1.3 kB
npm notice unpacked size: 2.5 kB
npm notice shasum:        bc57a2710303351aba750589af2409e4f46b0148
npm notice integrity:     sha512-neejvnZNk7ont[...]NgAI30R9/KmPQ==
npm notice total files:   3
npm notice
+ @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator@1.0.0

And now, since our repo is private, we have got a private module that we can install and test assuming we have the permits!

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/test-lexer-generator]$ npm i \@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator   👈 Escape the @ to avoid shell interpretation
npm WARN test-lexer-generator@1.0.0 No description
npm WARN test-lexer-generator@1.0.0 No repository field.

+ @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator@1.0.0
updated 1 package and audited 1 package in 1.683s
found 0 vulnerabilities
[~/.../github-actions-learning/test-lexer-generator]$ tree
.
├── node_modules
│   └── @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920
│       └── lexer-generator
│           ├── index.js
│           ├── package.json
│           └── sticky.js
├── package-lock.json
└── package.json

And now we can use the module:

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/test-lexer-generator]$ node
Welcome to Node.js v12.10.0.
Type ".help" for more information.
> bL = require('@ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator')
[Function: buildLexer]
> const SPACE = /(?<SPACE>\s+)/;
> const RESERVEDWORD = /(?<RESERVEDWORD>\b(const|let)\b)/;
> const ID = /(?<ID>\b([a-z_]\w*))\b/;
> const STRING = /(?<STRING>"([^\\"]|\\.")*")/;
> const OP = /(?<OP>[+*\/=-])/;
> const myTokens = [
...   ['SPACE', SPACE], ['RESERVEDWORD', RESERVEDWORD], ['ID', ID],
...   ['STRING', STRING], ['OP', OP]
... ];
> lexer = bL(myTokens)
> lexer('let x = a + \nb')
[
  { type: 'RESERVEDWORD', value: 'let' },
  { type: 'ID', value: 'x' },
  { type: 'OP', value: '=' },
  { type: 'ID', value: 'a' },
  { type: 'OP', value: '+' },
  { type: 'ID', value: 'b' }
]
>

Other ways to set the Scope

Alternatively, You can set up the scope mapping for your project using

1. Either a local .npmrc file in the project (See Publishing a package using a local .npmrc file) or
2. Using the publishConfig option in the package.json (See Publishing a package using publishConfig in the package.json file).

Here is a fragment of a package.json using publishConfig:

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    "private": true,
    "publishConfig": {
      "registry":"http://my-internal-registry.local"
    } 

Find your Module

At npm

If you publish it on the npm website, go find your module on the http://npmjs.org website and share it with your friends.

At GitHub

If you use GitHub Registry go to the github repo page:

and click on the package icon. You’ll get s.t. like this:

Viewing an organization’s packages

You can see all the packages installed in an organization and search for a specific package installed in an organization’s repositories.

1. In the top right corner of GitHub, click your profile photo, then click Your profile.
2. On the left side of your profile page, under “Organizations”, click the icon for your organization.

3. Under your organization name, click the Packages icon.

   

4. Click the name of the package that you want to view.

Viewing your packages

You can see all the packages you’ve installed and search for a specific package you’ve installed across all organizations and repositories.

1. In the top right corner of GitHub, click your profile photo, then click Your profile.
2. On the top of the profile page, in the main navigation, click Packages.
3. Click the name of the package that you want to view.

Publishing Again!

The command npm version can be followed by one of the semantic versioning words like npm version minor -m "Upgrade to %s for reasons":

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/lexer-generator(master)]$ npm version patch
v1.0.1

This will update the version field in package.json:

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/lexer-generator(master)]$ jq .version package.json
"1.0.1"

(jq is a DSL to query JSON data. It is like unix sed but for JSON)

Then again, make a tag:

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/lexer-generator(master)]$ git tag 1.0.1

commit, push and publish it:

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[~/.../github-actions-learning/lexer-generator(master)]$ npm publish
npm notice
npm notice 📦  @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator@1.0.1
...
+ @ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator@1.0.1

Testing in Production

Once more we have to test the publication, now in Production mode To automate the testing process, we create a separated project in a sibling folder of the folder containing the module repo:

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$ ls -l
drwxr-xr-x  13 casiano  wheel    416 26 sep  2017 scapegoat
~/.../src/github-actions-learning]$ mkdir prueba-scapegoat

and move to it:

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$ cd prueba-scapegoat/

The idea is to set things in a way the by simply running s.t. like npm test we can check that our npm module works in production.

For that we can create a package.json similar to this one:

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ cat package.json

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{
  "name": "prueba-scapegoat",
  "version": "1.3.4",
  "description": "Testing a published module",
  "main": "index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "test": "npm update && npm run versions && mocha",
    "module-version": "jq .version ../scapegoat/package.json",
    "versions": "npm list --depth=0"
  },
  "keywords": [ "ULL", "npm", "packages", "test", "git-submodules" ],
  "repository": {
    "type": "git",
    "url": "git+https://github.com/ULL-ESIT-DSI-1617/prueba-scapegoat.git"
  },
  "author": "Casiano Rodriguez-Leon <casiano.rodriguez.leon@gmail.com> (https://github.com/crguezl)",
  "license": "ISC",
  "dependencies": {
    "@ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat": "*",
    "chai": "*",
    "mocha": "*"
  }
}

Install the dependencies (that is, our module and the test framework we are using):

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ npm i

Now we have to write our tests. We recycle the tests of our module by copying them to our project root directory:

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$ cp node_modules/\@ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat/test/index.js test.js

Of course, this file test.js loads the module using a path that is relative:

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ sed -ne '/require.*ind/p' test.js
    scapegoat = require('../index'), 👈

We edit the file test.js and change line 7 from the relative path to a “production” require:

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ sed -ne '/require/p' test.js
var should = require('chai').should(),
    scapegoat = require("@ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat"),

And now we run npm test. Let us explain the meaning of the scripts in our package.json:

1. "versions": "npm list --depth=0": shows the versions of the installed dependencies. We want to check we are using the latest version of our just published module
2. "update": "npm i --no-save @ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat@latest": installs the latest version of our module. The -no-save option prevent savings to depedencies
3. "clean": "rm -fR node_modules package-lock.json": remove all the remainings of previous installations
4. "test": "npm run clean:update:install && npm run version && mocha": we clean it, update our module, install the remaining dependencies show the versions and run the tests

Here is the ouput:

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ npm test
> prueba-scapegoat@1.3.4 test /Users/casiano/local/src/javascript/evalua-module/create-a-npm-module/prueba-scapegoat
> npm update && npm run versions && mocha


> prueba-scapegoat@1.3.4 versions /Users/casiano/local/src/javascript/evalua-module/create-a-npm-module/prueba-scapegoat
> npm list --depth=0

prueba-scapegoat@1.3.4 /Users/casiano/local/src/javascript/evalua-module/create-a-npm-module/prueba-scapegoat
├── @ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat@1.3.11
├── chai@4.2.0
└── mocha@7.1.1



  #escape
    ✓ converts & into &
    ✓ converts " into "
    ✓ converts ' into '
    ✓ converts < into &lt;
    ✓ converts > into &gt;
    ✓ returns empty string if called with falsey value

  #unescape
    ✓ converts &amp; into &
    ✓ converts &quot; into "
    ✓ converts &#39; into '
    ✓ converts &lt; into <
    ✓ converts &gt; into >
    ✓ does not double unescape values
    ✓ returns empty string if called with falsey value

  13 passing (11ms)

From now on, each time we publish a new version of the module

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[~/.../scapegoat(master)]$ jq .version package.json
"1.3.1"
[~/.../scapegoat(master)]$ npm version patch
v1.3.2
[~/.../scapegoat(master)]$ git tag 1.3.2
[~/.../scapegoat(master)]$ npm publish
npm notice 📦  @ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat@1.3.2
...
+ @ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat@1.3.2

we have to change to the prueba-scapegoat directory and run npm test

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ npm test
...
> npm list --depth=0

prueba-scapegoat@1.0.0 /Users/casiano/local/src/javascript/evalua-module/create-a-npm-module/prueba-scapegoat
├── @ull-esit-dsi-1617/scapegoat@1.3.2
├── chai@4.2.0
└── mocha@7.1.1
...

Set production:test Script on the Module Folder

Now that the directory hierarchy has been settled, each time we want to test our module in production we have to cd ../prueba-scapegoat; npm test.

Inside the scapegoat directory we add a new task production:test to the package.json for this:

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[~/.../create-a-npm-module/scapegoat(master)]$ jq .scripts package.json

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{
  "test": "mocha --reporter spec",
  "doc": "documentation build index.js -f html -o docs",
  "serve:doc": "http-server docs/ -o",
  "commit": "npm run doc; git add docs; git ci -am `jq .version package.json`",
  "push": "npm run commit; git push",
  "production:test": "cd ../prueba-scapegoat && npm test",
  "patch": "npm run commit; npm version patch",
  "patch:publish": "npm run patch; git push; npm publish",
  "patch:publish:production:test": "npm run patch:publish; npm run production:test"
}

We also added:

1. "patch": "npm version patch": To change the patch number. (If run in a git repo, the npm version patchcommand will also create a version commit and tag)
2. "patch:publish": "npm run patch; git push; npm publish" to change the patch number, push the changes to GitHub and publish the repo
3. "patch:publish:production:test": "npm run patch:publish; npm run production:test" to publish the module and run the tests in production mode

CI the Production Testing with GitHub Actions

We can automate the previous workflow adding a GitHub action inside the prueba-scapegoat folder:

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ tree .github/
.github/
└── workflows
    └── nodejs.yml

1 directory, 1 file

The action simply run the production tests each time a push happens

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ cat .github/workflows/nodejs.yml

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# This workflow will do a clean install of node dependencies, build the source code and run tests across different versions of node
# For more information see: https://help.github.com/actions/language-and-framework-guides/using-nodejs-with-github-actions

name: Test scapegoat in production

on: # when this action should be triggered?
  push:
    branches: [ master ]
  pull_request:
    branches: [ master ]

jobs: # jobs are made of steps
  build:
    # Define the OS our workflow should run on
    runs-on: $
    strategy:
      # To test across multiple language versions
      matrix:
        os: [macos-latest, ubuntu-latest, windows-latest ]
        node-version: [12.x, 14.x]

    steps: # See https://github.com/actions/checkout
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    # Example of using an environment variable
    - name: Use Node.js $ # Will be: "Use Node.js 12.x"
      uses: actions/setup-node@v1 # See https://github.com/actions/setup-node
      with:
        node-version: $
    - run: npm test
      env:
        CI: true

Let us change the version of the test repo and push it to github:

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[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ npm version 1.3.3
v1.3.3
[~/.../prueba-scapegoat(master)]$ git push origin master

Now the action runs:

Related References

• actions/checkout
• actions/setup-node
• Installing private npm packages from GitHub Package Registry
• Triggering GitHub Actions across different repositories
• Triggering by other repository

Making a Project with the two repos: git submodule

In some occasions, like in this one, it is convenient to have different repos together.

Git allows you to include other Git repositories called submodules into a repository. You can commit, pull and push to these repositories independently. Submodules allow you to keep projects in separate repositories but still be able to reference them as folders in the working directory of other repositories.

Let us make the new project:

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[~/.../github-actions-learning]$ mkdir project-lexer-generator
[~/.../github-actions-learning]$ cd project-lexer-generator/
[~/.../project-lexer-generator]$ git init .
Inicializado repositorio Git vacío en /Users/casiano/local/src/github-actions-learning/project-lexer-generator/.git/

To add the other repos to this one we use

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git sumodule add <repo url>

Example:

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[~/.../project-lexer-generator]$ git submodule add git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator.git
Clonando en '/Users/casiano/local/src/github-actions-learning/project-lexer-generator/lexer-generator'
...

[~/.../project-lexer-generator]$ git submodule add git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/test-lexer-generator.git
Clonando en '/Users/casiano/local/src/github-actions-learning/
...

This clones the repos and creates a file .gitmodules:

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[~/.../project-lexer-generator]$ ls -la
total 8
drwxr-xr-x   6 casiano  staff  192 27 mar 16:56 .
drwxr-xr-x   9 casiano  staff  288 27 mar 16:53 ..
drwxr-xr-x  11 casiano  staff  352 27 mar 16:56 .git
-rw-r--r--   1 casiano  staff  241 27 mar 16:56 .gitmodules
drwxr-xr-x  12 casiano  staff  384 27 mar 16:55 lexer-generator
drwxr-xr-x   9 casiano  staff  288 27 mar 16:56 test-lexer-generator

The .gitmodules file it is an INI file containing the relation between the local path and the remote url for each sub-repo:

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[~/.../project-lexer-generator]$ cat .gitmodules
[submodule "lexer-generator"]
	path = lexer-generator
	url = git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator.git
[submodule "test-lexer-generator"]
	path = test-lexer-generator
	url = git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/test-lexer-generator.git

After a commit and a push this is the image of the repo in GitHub:

Clicking in the repo links will take us to the corresponding GitHub repo but be aware that you are in the specific commit specified in the super-repo, not in the master branch

See the Chacon’s book on Git: Chapter 7.11 Git Tools - Submodules for more information.

Now, when someone clones the super-repo uses the --recurse-submodules option:

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$ git clone --recurse-submodules git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/project-lexer-generator.git

The --recurse-submodules option initializes and clones submodules within based on the provided pathspec.

This is equivalent to running

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git submodule update --init --recursive <pathspec> 

immediately after the clone is finished.

We can also make a flat clone:

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[/tmp]$ git clone git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/project-lexer-generator.git
Clonando en 'project-lexer-generator'...
...

In such case, You can see the folders for the subrepos are empty:

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[/tmp/project-lexer-generator(master)]$ tree
.
├── lexer-generator
└── test-lexer-generator

2 directories, 0 files
[/tmp/project-lexer-generator(master)]$

Now we issue the git submodule init command:

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[/tmp/project-lexer-generator(master)]$ git submodule init
Submódulo 'lexer-generator' (git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator.git) registrado para ruta 'lexer-generator'
Submódulo 'test-lexer-generator' (git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/test-lexer-generator.git) registrado para ruta 'test-lexer-generator'

The command git submodule init initialize the submodules recorded in the index by setting submodule.$name.url in .git/config. It uses the same setting from .gitmodules as a template:

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[~/.../project-lexer-generator(master)]$ cat .git/config
[core]
	repositoryformatversion = 0
	filemode = true
	bare = false
	logallrefupdates = true
	ignorecase = true
	precomposeunicode = true
[submodule "lexer-generator"]
	url = git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/lexer-generator.git
	active = true
[submodule "test-lexer-generator"]
	url = git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/test-lexer-generator.git
	active = true
[remote "origin"]
	url = git@github.com:ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/project-lexer-generator.git
	fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
[branch "master"]
	remote = origin
	merge = refs/heads/master

The command git submodule update updates the registered submodules to match what the superproject expects by cloning missing submodules, fetching missing commits in submodules and updating the working tree of the submodules:

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[/tmp/project-lexer-generator(master)]$ git submodule update
Clonando en '/private/tmp/project-lexer-generator/lexer-generator'...
Clonando en '/private/tmp/project-lexer-generator/test-lexer-generator'...
Submodule path 'lexer-generator': checked out '54594a4b0febd5eb1de0cee8b8f6b45edafaf989'
Submodule path 'test-lexer-generator': checked out 'b2f64a6dc2fe4145e268b6b63f8d03753b5eeff8'

A cd to the sub-repo folder will leave us in the commit specified in the super-repo, but we can of course checkout the master branch and make a pull if we think an update is needed.

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[/tmp/project-lexer-generator(master)]$ cd lexer-generator/
[.../project-lexer-generator/lexer-generator((HEAD desacoplada en 54594a4))]$ git co master
Cambiado a rama 'master'
Tu rama está actualizada con 'origin/master'.
[.../project-lexer-generator/lexer-generator(master)]$ git pull origin master
...

Here are the two repos for the scapegoat example:

• Example in ULL-ESIT-DSI-1617/create-a-npm-module
  • Submodule ULL-ESIT-DSI-1617/scapegoat
  • Submodule ULL-ESIT-DSI-1617/prueba-scapegoat

And here is the ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/project-lexer-generator example:

• ULL-ESIT-PL-1920/project-lexer-generator

Git Submodule Alternatives

After a while searching for alternatives to git submodules I found these two tools quite convincing:

• loop
• meta

References

npm packages

• npm developer guide
• Working with package.json
• How to create Node.js Modules
• How to install an npm package from GitHub directly? in StackOverflow
• Package.json documentation en npm site
• A Simple Guide to Publishing an npm Package by Mostafa Fouad

GitHub packages

• About GitHub Packages
• Configuring npm for use with GitHub Packages
• Authenticating with the GITHUB_TOKEN
• Automatically Publish to npm using GitHub Actions

GitHub Actions

• Using Node.js with GitHub Actions

Scoped Packages

• Working with scoped packages
• npm-scope manual: Scoped packages
• Working with npm private modules. YouTube Video

Semantic versioning and npm

• Semantic versioning and npm
• Semantic Versioning: Why You Should Be Using it SitePoint
• YouTube Video: Semantic versioning and npm
• El comando npm version

Text Processing

• jq is a DSL to query JSON data
• Unix sed

Original Scapegoat

• Scapegoat on Github
• Scapegoat on npm